The conflict was marked by extreme brutality. Reports from the time, including those archived by Human Rights Watch and the International Crisis Group , detailed massacres and ritualistic practices:

were forced to flee their homes, often being evacuated by sea to Surabaya. Peak Violence:

Large numbers of Madurese settlers were moved to Kalimantan. Over time, the newcomers became dominant in local trade and labor sectors.

Vs Madura | Video Perang Sampit Dayak

The conflict was marked by extreme brutality. Reports from the time, including those archived by Human Rights Watch and the International Crisis Group , detailed massacres and ritualistic practices:

were forced to flee their homes, often being evacuated by sea to Surabaya. Peak Violence:

Large numbers of Madurese settlers were moved to Kalimantan. Over time, the newcomers became dominant in local trade and labor sectors.