The Western honeybee ( Apis mellifera ) possesses a specialized gut microbiome dominated by nine core bacterial clusters. These bacteria play pivotal roles in pollen digestion, immune system modulation, and protection against pathogens. While the major genera ( Snodgrassella , Gilliamella , Bifidobacterium ) are well characterized, high-throughput sequencing continues to reveal sub-species variations and novel phylotypes that may represent ecological adaptations.
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