The 13th to 15th centuries saw the shift from weak feudal monarchies to powerful centralized states.
: The involvement of European kingdoms and its impact on the geopolitical map. Historia medieval ii siglos xiii-xv pdf
Se estudia el enfrentamiento entre el Papado y el Sacro Imperio Germánico, que culminó con la victoria moral de la Iglesia pero el surgimiento de las monarquías nacionales. The 13th to 15th centuries saw the shift
The 13th century opened with the height of papal power under Innocent III and the flourishing of scholasticism through thinkers like Thomas Aquinas. Yet, by the 15th century, Europe looked radically different. The unifying ideals of Christendom were shattered by the , the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) , and the Western Schism (1378-1417) . by the 15th century